Ion Sources

NEOMAFIOS

An external ECR ion source using 10 GHz microwaves and a permanent-magnet (NdFeB) mirror field. It supplies beams to the AVF cyclotron. It is used for generating light ions, offering stable operation and ease of handling.

ECR ion source
RF frequency	10 GHz
Mirror magnet	Permanent magnet (Fe–Nd–B)
Vacuum chamber	Diameter 67 mm, length 170 mm
Pumping speed	520 l/s
Extraction voltage	5–50 kV
Available ions	p, d, He, Li–Mg, Ar

HIPIS

A polarized ion source developed to generate high-intensity, high-polarization proton and deuteron beams.

High-intensity polarized ion source
Dissociator	RF (13.6 MHz, 300 W), nozzle (20 K+N2), Skimmer (Diameter: 4 mm)
Sextupole	Permanent magnet (Nd–B–Fe, NEOMAX-35H)
RF transition unit	Two weak-field and two strong-field RF transition units
ECR ionizer	RF (52.45 GHz, 200 W) + Solenoid + N2
Extraction voltage	5–20 kV
Ion supply	pol-p, pol-d

SCECR

A superconducting ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion source using 18 GHz microwaves to efficiently generate high charge-state ions. The superconducting magnets provide strong, stable fields, enabling high-intensity beams across elements from light to medium-heavy.

Superconducting ECR ion source
RF frequency	18 GHz
Magnet system	Superconducting coils (mirror magnetic field) + permanent magnet hexapole
Typical extraction voltage	5–30 kV
Available ions (examples)	He–Ar, Kr, Xe (light to medium-heavy elements)

Accelerators

K140 AVF Cyclotron

Magnet
Pole diameter	3300 mm
Pole gap	206–347 mm
Isomagnetic field	1.6 T
Extraction radius	1000 mm
Trim coils	16 pairs
Valley coils	3 pairs
Weight	400 tons
Acceleration system
Dee electrode	Double type with 87° spanning angle
Resonator	Coaxial; movable shorting plate
Frequency	18–36 MHz
Maximum accelerating voltage	60 kV
Harmonics	1, 2, 3, 6
Extraction	Electrostatic deflector

K400 Ring Cyclotron

Magnet
Sector magnets	6
Pole gap	60 mm
Maximum field	1.75 T
Trim coils	36 pairs
Injection radius	2 m
Extraction radius	4 m
Weight	2200 tons
Acceleration
Single-gap cavities	3
Frequency	30–52 MHz
Harmonics	6, 10
Maximum accelerating voltage	500 kV
RF power	250 kW / cavity
Flat-top cavity
Single-gap	1
FT harmonic	3
Frequency	90–156 MHz

Old K140 AVF Cyclotron

Magnet
Pole diameter	3300 mm
Pole gap	206–347 mm
Isomagnetic field	1.6 T
Extraction radius	1000 mm
Trim coils	16 pairs
Valley coils	3–5 pairs
Weight	400 tons
Acceleration system
Dee electrode	Single type with 180° spanning angle
Resonator	Coaxial; movable shorting plate
Frequency	6–19 MHz
Maximum accelerating voltage	60 kV
Harmonics	1, 3
Extraction	Electrostatic deflector; weak-focusing magnetic channel

Available Beams

* Black: achievements with the old AVF cyclotron (beam delivery requires acceleration tests).
* Red: achievements with the AVF cyclotron updated in 2021 (acceleration tests not required).

Ion			Energy
	Charge State		AVF	AVF+RING
	AVF	RING	(MeV)	(MeV)
1H	1+	1+	10–80, 65	100–392, 416, 230, 392
1H2	1+	1+		140
2H	1+	1+	10–56	80, 103, 140, 200
3He	1+		14, 25
3He	2+	2+	45, 73, 87	300, 420
4He	1+		10
4He	2+	2+	38–130, 28.5	210, 300, 400
6Li	2+		40, 45
6Li	2+	3+	73, 82	309, 360
7Li	3+	3+	110, 150	455
11B	3+		69
11B	5+	5+	200	900
12C	4+		80, 105, 110, 164
12C	4+	6+	145	600
12C	5+		250
12C	5+	6+	262	1200
13C	5+	6+	178	780
14N	5+	7+
15N	6+	7+	220	975
16O	5+		100–170
16O	6+		190
16O	6+	8+	286	1280
18O	4+		90, 106, 100
18O	5+		118, 135, 165
18O	6+		165, 246
18O	6+	8+	246	1080
18O	7+	8+	322	1440
19F	4+		100
20Ne	6+/7+/8+		155, 300
22Ne	6+		130, 190
22Ne	8+	10+	400	1760
24Mg	5+		140
36Ar	11+	(16+)	437	1872
40Ar	8+		200
40Ar	11+		360, 374
40Ar	12+	17+	486	2060
86Kr	21+		640
86Kr	23+		731
129Kr	29+		838
132Xe	24+		897